Tennessee Estate Planning Law : Tennessee Estate Planning Lawyer & Attorney : Bryan Howard : Howard & Mobley Law Firm : Nashville, Chattanooga, Memphis

In the Liner divorce case, the court awarded 1/2 of the equity in the husband’s premarital residence to the wife. As a general rule, assets owned by one spouse prior to the marriage are treated as separate property and are not divided in the divorce. There are some exceptions, including the division of appreciation of the property if the non-owner contributes to the appreciation. This case did not involve appreciation. Rather, the wife was awarded 1/2 of the house primarily because she made non-financial contributions to the ongoing maintenance and management of the residence.

This case demonstrates the importance of entering into a prenuptial agreement or an asset protection trust prior to marriage. Assets that you transfer into an asset protection trust prior to the marriage will belong to the trust and will not be subject to division in the event of a divorce.

• Email This
• Print
• Comments
• Trackbacks
• Share Link

In recent years, I have seen a tremendous increase in the use of prenuptial agreements. I attribute this to high divorce rates, as well as increased awareness of the potential benefits of prenuptial agreements.

Death and divorce are the two primary circumstances governed by prenuptial agreements. Generally, the agreement details the provisions that will be made for the surviving spouse upon the death of the first spouse. The agreement also details the division of the couples’ assets upon divorce.

A recent case decided by the Tennessee Court of Appeals demonstrates the divorce protection provided by a prenuptial agreement. Mrs. Cummins spent more than $2 million buying two separate homes which were titled jointly in the names of Mr. and Mrs. Cummins. Due to the wording of the prenuptial agreement, Mrs. Cummins was awarded both homes.

Mr. Cummins claimed that he was entitled to 50% of the appreciation of the homes. The Court awarded all of the appreciation to Mrs. Cummins since she had paid all of the property taxes, insurance, and maintenance expenses associated with the homes.

Mrs. Cummins was very fortunate to receive 100% of the homes. Even when there is a prenuptial agreement, both spouses generally share in the value of homes that are titled jointly in the names of the couple. Mrs. Cummins could have saved the aggravation and expense of this lawsuit if she had titled the homes solely in her name.

• Email This
• Print
• Comments
• Trackbacks
• Share Link

When you own a business with one or more other persons, it is advisable to enter into a written agreement with the other owners. These agreements have different names depending upon the type of entity: shareholder agreements for corporations, partnership agreements for limited partnerships and general partnerships; and operating agreements for limited liability companies. These agreements are sometimes generically referred to as “Buy-Sell Agreements”.

Buy-Sell Agreements typically restrict transfers to third parties and specify rights of the parties under certain circumstances such as death, divorce and disability. It is not uncommon for these agreements to give the company and/or the other owners an option to buy your interest in the company for a predetermined price in the event that you die, or become disabled, or transfer your stock to any other person, including your spouse upon divorce. The price is generally less than a proportionate share of the value of the entire business.

If a divorce court awards a portion of your interest in the company to your spouse, your spouse may contend that he or she is not bound by the Buy-Sell Agreement. Alternatively, your spouse may argue that your interest in the company should be valued based upon the different method than that contained in the Buy-Sell Agreement.

Customarily, spouses do not sign Buy-Sell Agreements unless they own an interest in the company. However, a recent case decided by the Tennessee Court of Appeals provides a good reason for asking your spouse to sign the Buy-Sell Agreement.

In the Inzer (pdf) case, the wife argued that her husband’s stock in his company should not be valued in accordance with a formula contained in the Buy-Sell Agreement. The Court indicated that the wife’s argument would have been meritorious if she had not signed the Buy-Sell Agreement. Because she signed the Agreement, the Court ruled that she was bound by the valuation formula.

For purposes of valuing the couples' marital estate, the stock was valued significantly below its pro rata share of the total value of the company. Because the husband was awarded the stock, this meant that the wife received a smaller share of the other assets. As a result of this case, I plan to recommend that my clients ask their spouses to sign their Buy-Sell Agreements.
 

• Email This
• Print
• Comments
• Trackbacks
• Share Link

A recent decision by the Tennessee Supreme Court (PDF) ruled that the entire increase in value of a 401(k) plan that occurs after marriage is a marital asset that is subject to equal division upon divorce. It does not matter whether the increase in value is attributable to appreciation of the assets that were held in the plan prior to marriage or contributions that were added to the account during the marriage. The pre-marital balance of the plan was separate property that was not subject to division.
 

The case confirmed that IRAs are treated differently. Appreciation of a pre-marital IRA that occurs during the marriage continues to be separate property and is not a marital asset subject to division upon divorce, unless the other spouse substantially contributed to its preservation and appreciation.
 

There are two lessons to be learned from this case. First, keep good records that demonstrate the account balance of the 401(k) plan on the date of your marriage. Second, if your 401(k) plan permits in-service withdrawals, you should establish an IRA, rollover your 401(k) to the IRA prior to your marriage, and exclude your spouse from making any investment decisions for your IRA.

• Email This
• Print
• Comments
• Trackbacks
• Share Link

Wealthy grandparents often make gifts to their grandchildren. A grandparent can give $13,000 per year to each grandchild without incurring gift tax. If gifts are made over several years, estate taxes upon the death of the grandparents can be substantially reduced.

There is a hidden trap in making gifts. The danger is that your grandchild may get divorced in the future. Some states consider all property owned by either spouse to be marital property which is subject to a 50/50 division upon divorce.

The problem is illustrated by a family that I now represent. The grandmother made gifts of stock of the family business to her granddaughter in the 80s and 90s. The grandmother died in 1997. Two years later, her granddaughter married a man the grandmother never met.

I did not know the grandmother, but have represented the grandmother’s daughter for the last several years. The daughter continued her mother’s pattern of making annual exclusion gifts to her daughter. Rather than direct gifts, the gifts were made to a Cristofani Trust (pdf) that benefits the daughter’s husband and all of her children and grandchildren.

The granddaughter recently obtained a divorce in a state that treats all property owned by either spouse as marital property. In accordance with state law, the judge awarded one-half of the granddaughter's stock in the family business to the granddaughter’s husband.  The net result is that when the grandmother made gifts to her granddaughter, she was also making a gift to her granddaughter’s future ex-husband.

The stock awarded to the ex-husband was subject to a Shareholder’s Agreement, which allowed the company to purchase the stock from the ex-husband. As you might imagine, the family was upset about having to buy back the stock.

The laws of the states where the grandmother and granddaughter lived at the time of the gifts would not have included the gifts in the marital estate if the granddaughter had obtained a divorce in either one of those states. However, division of property is determined by the state in which the couple resides at the time of the divorce.

Fortunately, because the gifts by the daughter were made to a trust, these gifts were protected in the divorce. The moral of this story is to consider making gifts to a properly designed trust in order to reduce the chance that the donee will lose part of the gift if they subsequently obtain a divorce in the wrong state.
 

• Email This
• Print
• Comments
• Trackbacks
• Share Link